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Momwe miyala ya granite imapangidwira

Mwalawapamutu

Mbiri

Miyala yapamutu imadziwika ndi mayina osiyanasiyana, monga miyala ya chikumbutso, zolembera pamanda, miyala ya pamanda, ndi miyala ya pamanda.Zonsezi zimagwira ntchito pamutu wa miyala;chikumbutso ndi kukumbukira wakufayo.Miyala yapamutu poyamba inkapangidwa kuchokera ku minda kapena matabwa.M’madera ena, miyala (yotchedwa “miyala ya nkhandwe”) inkaikidwa pamwamba pa thupi kuti nyama zolusa zisavumbule manda osaya.

Mbiri

Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza manda a Neanderthal omwe amakhala zaka 20,000-75,000.Matupiwo apezedwa m’mapanga okhala ndi milu ikuluikulu ya miyala kapena miyala yomwe yatsekeredwapo.Akuti malo amandawa anangochitika mwangozi.Ovulala kapena akufa ayenera kuti anasiyidwa kuti achire, ndipo miyala kapena miyala inakankhidwira kutsogolo kwa phanga kuti atetezedwe ku nyama zakutchire.Phanga la Sharindar ku Iraq linali nyumba ya mabwinja a munthu (c. 50,000 BC) ndi maluwa atabalalika pathupi.

Njira zina zosiyanasiyana zoikira maliro zayamba kuchitika pamene nthawi ikuyenda.Anthu aku China anali oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mabokosi kuti azikhala ndi akufa nthawi ya 30,000 BC Kuyika mitembo ndi kuumitsa mitembo kunagwiritsidwa ntchito cha m'ma 3200 BC kusunga matupi a Afarao aku Egypt kuti akhale ndi moyo pambuyo pa imfa.Afarao amaikidwa mu sarcophagus ndikuikidwa ndi ziboliboli zoimira antchito awo ndi alangizi odalirika, komanso golide ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali kuti atsimikizire kulandiridwa kwawo kudziko lonse lapansi.Mafumu ena anafuna kuti akapolo awo enieni ndi alangizi apite nawo ku imfa, ndipo atumiki ndi alangizi anaphedwa ndi kuikidwa m’manda.Kuwotcha mtembo, kumene kunayamba pafupifupi nthaŵi imodzi ndi kutenthetsa mitembo, inalinso njira yotchuka yotayira akufa.Masiku ano amawerengera 26% ya njira zotayira ku United States ndi 45% ku Canada.

Pamene zipembedzo zinayamba kukula, kuwotcha mitembo kunayamba kunyozedwa.Zipembedzo zambiri zinaletsa ngakhale kuwotcha mitembo, ponena kuti kunali kukumbukira miyambo yachikunja.Kuika maliro kunali njira yabwino kwambiri, ndipo nthaŵi zina akufa ankagonekedwa m’nyumba kwa masiku angapo kuti anthu apereke ulemu wawo.M’chaka cha 1348, mliriwu unafika ku Ulaya ndipo unakakamiza anthu kuti aike maliro mwamsanga komanso kutali ndi mizinda.Miyambo ya imfa ndi maliro imeneyi inapitirira mpaka manda anasefukira ndipo, chifukwa cha manda ambiri osazama, anapitiriza kufalitsa matenda.Mu 1665, Nyumba Yamalamulo Yachingerezi idagamula mokomera kuti maliro ang'onoang'ono akhazikitsidwe ndipo kuya kwa manda kunapangidwa kuti aime pa 6 ft (1.8 m).Zimenezi zinachepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda, koma manda ambiri anapitirizabe kudzaza.

Manda oyambirira ofanana ndi omwe akuwoneka lero, adakhazikitsidwa ku Paris mu 1804 ndipo amatchedwa "munda" manda.Pèere-Lachaise ndi kwawo kwa mayina ambiri otchuka monga Oscar Wilde, Frederick Chopin, ndi Jim Morrison.Munali m’manda a m’mindawa mmene mwala wapamutu ndi zikumbutso zinakhala ntchito zapamwamba.Chikhalidwe cha munthu chinatsimikizira kukula ndi luso la chikumbutso.Zikumbukiro zakale zinkasonyeza zinthu zoopsa zokhala ndi zigoba ndi ziwanda pofuna kuchititsa mantha a moyo pambuyo pa imfa.Pambuyo pake m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, miyala yapamutu idasinthika kukomera zithunzi zamtendere, monga akerubi ndi angelo omwe amatsogolera wakufayo m'mwamba.United States idakhazikitsa manda ake akumidzi, The Mount Auburn Cemetery ku Cambridge, Massachusetts, mu 1831.

Zida zogwiritsira ntchito

Miyala yoyambirira idapangidwa ndi slate, yomwe inkapezeka komweko kumayambiriro kwa New England.Chinthu chotsatira chimene chinatchuka chinali nsangalabwi, koma patapita nthaŵi nsangalabwiyo inkakokoloka ndipo mayina ndi tsatanetsatane wa wakufayo zinali zosadziŵika.Pofika m'chaka cha 1850, miyala ya granite idakhala chinthu chomwe chimakondedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kulimba kwake komanso kupezeka kwake.M'zikumbukiro zamakono za granite ndizopangira zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Granite ndi mwala woyaka moto womwe umapangidwa makamaka ndi quartz, feldspar, ndi plagioclase feldspar wokhala ndi tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ta tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ta granite titha kukhala toyera, pinki, imvi, kapena imvi.Mwala uwu umapangidwa kuchokera ku magma (chinthu chosungunuka) chomwe chimazizira pang'onopang'ono.Madzi atazirala amafukulidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nthaka komanso kukokoloka kwa nthaka.

Kupanga

Pali njira zambiri zosinthira mwala wamutu.Epitaphs amachokera ku mawu a m'malemba kupita ku mawu osadziwika bwino ndi oseketsa.Ziboliboli zotsagana nazo zimatha kuzomedwa, kuziyika pamwamba pake, kapena pambali pa mwalawo.Kukula ndi mawonekedwe a miyala yamutu amasiyananso.Nthawi zambiri, miyala yonse imapukutidwa ndi makina, kenako imafotokozedwa bwino ndi manja.

The Manufacturing
Njira

  1. Choyamba ndikusankha mtundu (kawirikawiri marble kapena granite) ndi mtundu wa mwala.Kenako chipika cha granite chimadulidwa kuchokera pamwala.Pali njira zitatu zochitira izi.Njira yoyamba ndiyo kubowola.Njira imeneyi imagwiritsa ntchito kubowola mpweya komwe kumabowola mabowo oyimirira motalikirana 1 mkati (2.54 cm) ndi 20 ft (6.1 m) mozama mu granite.Kenako okumba miyalayo amagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo 4 in (10.1 cm) zazitali zomwe zimakhala ndi mano achitsulo podula pakati pa thanthwelo.

Kuboola jeti kumathamanga kwambiri kuposa kubowola, pafupifupi kasanu ndi kawiri.Mwanjira imeneyi, 16 ft (4.9 m) akhoza kudulidwa mu ola limodzi.Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito injini ya rocket yokhala ndi shaft yachitsulo yopanda dzenje kuti itulutse mafuta ophatikizika a hydrocarbon ndi mpweya ngati lawi la 2,800 ° F (1,537.8 ° C).Lawi lamoto limeneli ndi lowirikiza kasanu liŵiro la phokoso ndipo limadula 4 in (10.2 cm) mu granite.

Njira yachitatu ndi njira yabwino kwambiri, yopanda phokoso, komanso yopanda zinyalala.Kuboola ndege zamadzi kumagwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga kwa madzi kuti adule granite.Pali machitidwe awiri oboola ndege zamadzi, kuthamanga kwapansi komanso kuthamanga kwambiri.Zonsezi zimatulutsa mitsinje iwiri yamadzi, koma mitsinje yotsika yotsika kwambiri ili pansi pa 1,400-1,800 psi, ndipo mitsinje yothamanga kwambiri ili pansi pa 40,000 psi.Madzi ochokera ku jets amagwiritsidwanso ntchito, ndipo njirayo imachepetsa zolakwika ndi zinthu zowonongeka.

  1. Chotsatira ndikuchotsa chipikacho pa bedi la miyala.Ogwira ntchito amabowola zitsulo zazikulu za 1.5-1.88 mu (3.81-4.78 cm) zokhala ndi carbide ndikubowolera mopingasa mu chipika cha granite.Kenako amaika zida zophulitsa zokutidwa ndi mapepala m’mabowowo.Milanduyo ikakhazikitsidwa, chipikacho chimapumula bwino mwamwala.
  2. Zidutswa za granite nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupifupi 3 ft (0.9 m) m'lifupi, 3 ft (0.9 m) m'mwamba, ndi 10 ft (3 m) utali, kulemera pafupifupi 20,250 lb (9,185 kg).Ogwira ntchito amalumikiza chingwe kuzungulira chipikacho kapena kubowola mbedza kumbali zonse ndikumangirira chingwe ku mbedza.Munjira zonse ziwiri chingwecho chimamangiriridwa ku derrick yayikulu yomwe imakweza chipika cha granite mmwamba ndikukwera pagalimoto ya flatbed yomwe imatengera kwa wopanga miyala yapamutu.Ma quarries amakonda kukhala odziyimira pawokha ndikugulitsa granite kwa opanga, koma pali makampani ena akuluakulu omwe ali ndi miyala.
  3. Akafika ku nyumba yopangira zinthu, ma slabs a granite amatsitsidwa pa lamba wonyamulira pomwe amadulidwa kukhala ma slabs ang'onoang'ono.Ma slabs nthawi zambiri amakhala 6, 8, 10, kapena 12 mu (15.2, 20.3, 25, ndi 30.4 cm, motsatana) wandiweyani.Izi zimachitika ndi macheka a diamondi ozungulira.Machekawo amakhala ndi tsamba lolimba la diamondi la 5 ft (1.5 m) kapena 11.6 ft (3.54 m).Tsambali nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi magawo a diamondi pafupifupi 140-160 ndipo amatha kudula pafupifupi 23-25 ​​ft.2(2.1-2.3 m)2) ola.
  4. Ma slabs odulidwa amadutsa pansi pamitu yozungulira yosiyana (nthawi zambiri eyiti mpaka 13) yokhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a grit okonzedwa.

chithunzi5

Kupanga mwala wapamutu.

kuyambira zopweteka kwambiri mpaka zazing'ono.Mitu ingapo yoyambirira ili ndi grit yolimba ya diamondi, mitu yapakati ndi yolimbira, ndipo mitu yomaliza ili ndi ma buffer pads.Mapadi awa amakhala ndi madzi ndi aluminiyamu kapena tin oxide ufa kuti azipukuta mwalawo kuti ukhale wosalala komanso wonyezimira.

  1. Silabu yopukutidwa imasunthidwa motsatira lamba wotumizira kupita ku hydraulic breaker.Wosweka ali ndi mano a carbide omwe amagwira ntchito pafupi ndi 5,000 psi ya hydraulic pressure pa granite slab, ndikudula mwala molunjika.
  2. Mwala wodulidwawo umapangidwa kuti ukhale woyenerera.Izi mwina zimachitidwa ndi dzanja ndi chisel ndi nyundo, kapena ndendende ndi macheka a diamondi amitundu yambiri.Makinawa amatha kukhala ndi masamba 30, koma nthawi zambiri amangodzaza ndi zisanu ndi zitatu kapena zisanu ndi zinayi.Wokhala ndi masamba asanu ndi anayi, macheka a diamondi okhala ndi masamba angapo amatha kudula 27 ft2(2.5m)2) ola.
  3. Kenako pamwamba pa mwalawo amapukutidwanso.Mwanjira yokhazikika kwambiri, zidutswa 64 zimatha kupukutidwa nthawi imodzi.
  4. Mphepete zoyimirira zimapukutidwa ndi makina opukutira okha, ofanana ndi opukuta pamwamba.Makinawa amasankha mutu wovuta kwambiri ndikuwuyika m'mphepete mwamwalawo.Kenako makinawo amagwira ntchito kudzera m'zingwe zina mpaka m'mphepete mwake muli bwino.
  5. M'mphepete mwa ma radial amapukutidwa ndikupukutidwa nthawi imodzi pogwiritsa ntchito ng'oma ziwiri zopera diamondi.Wina ali ndi diamondi yolimba kwambiri, ndipo yachiwiri ili ndi grit yabwino kwambiri.Mphepete mwa miyalayo imapukutidwa.
  6. Ngati pakufunika mipangidwe yamwala yocholoŵana, mwala wopukutidwawo umasunthidwa ku macheka wawaya wa diamondi.Wogwira ntchitoyo amasintha macheka ndikuyamba ndondomekoyi, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu apakompyuta kuti alowetse mawonekedwewo pamutu.Kujambula bwino kulikonse kapena kufotokozera kumamalizidwa ndi dzanja.
  7. Mwala wapamutu umakhala wokonzeka kumaliza.Rock Pitching imaphatikizapo kupukuta m'mphepete mwa mwala ndi dzanja, ndikupereka mawonekedwe omveka bwino.
  8. Tsopano popeza mwala wapamutu wapukutidwa O ndi kuumbidwa, ndi nthawi yoti alembepo.Kuwombera mchenga kumagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.Guluu wamadzimadzi umayikidwa pamutu pake.Stencil ya rabara imayikidwa pamwamba pa guluu ndiyeno yokutidwa ndi mapangidwe a carbon-backed mapangidwe.Mpweya umasamutsa mapangidwe okonzedwa ndi mmisiri, kupita ku stencil ya rabara.Wogwira ntchitoyo amadula zilembo ndi mapangidwe omwe amafunidwa pamwalawo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuphulika kwa mchenga.Sandblasting imachitidwa pamanja kapena paotomatiki.Njira iliyonse imachitika m'dera lotsekedwa chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa ndondomekoyi.Wogwira ntchitoyo amaphimbidwa kwathunthu kuti atetezedwe ku mbewu zomwe zimawonekera pamwala.Njira yodula abrasive imayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya 100 psi.Osonkhanitsa fumbi amasonkhanitsa ndi kusunga fumbi kuti ligwiritsidwenso ntchito.
  9. Kenako mwalawo umapopedwa ndi nthunzi yothamanga kwambiri kuti muchotse chotsalira chilichonse kapena guluu.Imapukutidwanso ndikuwunikiridwa bwino, kenako imayikidwa mu cellophane kapena pepala lolemera kuti liteteze kumaliza.Phukusili limayikidwa m'mabokosi ndikutumizidwa kwa kasitomala kapena wotsogolera maliro.

Kuwongolera Kwabwino

Kuwongolera khalidwe kumalimbikitsidwa kwambiri panthawi yonse yopangira.Chingwe chilichonse cha granite chimawunikidwa kuti chikhale chofanana.Pambuyo pa sitepe iliyonse yopukutira, mwala wamutu umawunikidwa ngati pali zolakwika.Pachizindikiro choyamba cha chip kapena kukanda, mwala umachotsedwa pamzere.

Byproducts/Zinyalala

Kutengera ndi kudula komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga miyala, zinyalala zimasiyanasiyana.Kubowola ndi njira yochepetsetsa kwambiri yokumba miyala, motero kumatulutsa zinyalala zambiri.Njira ya jet yamadzi imapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale lochepa kwambiri komanso fumbi.Komanso ndiyopanda mafuta kuposa njira zina, ndipo imathandiza kuti madziwo abwezeredwenso.Pakuphulika kwa mchenga palinso zinyalala zochepa chifukwa mchengawo umasonkhanitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito.Miyala yamtengo wapatali ya granite yomwe imapangidwa nthawi zambiri imagulitsidwa kumakampani ena opanga kapena kutumizidwa kunja.Miyala ina yosavomerezeka imatayidwa.

Tsogolo

Pali njira zambiri zatsopano zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu apamwamba kuti ajambule mapangidwe pamiyala yamutu.Laser etching ndi chitukuko chomwe chikubwera chomwe chimalola zithunzi ndi mapangidwe odabwitsa kuti ayikidwe pamwala wamutu pogwiritsa ntchito mtengo wa laser.Kutentha kochokera ku laser kumatulutsa makhiristo pamwamba pa granite, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale phokoso lokwera, lowala.

Kutha kwa granite sikukuwonekera posachedwa.Pamene migodi imakumbidwa, zinthu zatsopano zimayamba.Pali malamulo ambiri omwe amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa granite yomwe imatha kutumizidwa kunja panthawi imodzi.Njira zina zochotsera akufa ndizonso zomwe zingachepetse kupanga miyala yamutu.

Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-05-2021